Answer: Portugal, 1933-1974; Czechoslovakia, 1948-1989; Brazil, 1937-1945; USSR, 1917-1989; Spain 1936-1975; China, 1949-...,
Explanation: totalitarian society: one state-party, one leader, no free elections, censorship, one ideology, judiciary power is not free, politically motivated imprisonments, etc etc.
The Columbian Exchange had positive and negative consequences.
Some of the positive consequences were the introduction of different nutrients and food supplies into the Old World, such as corn or potatoes. This improved the diet of most Europeans, leading to a population growth in the next generations.
However, Europe benefited more than the Americas, for some of the negative consequences about the Columbian Exchange were the introduction of diseases into the continent and the slavery of African populations into the Americas.
17 billion - 9 billion = 8 billion so the surplus is 8 billion
South Carolina was placed under military control because Abraham Lincoln believed that reconstruction of the South, after the Civil War was done, needed to be merciful to heal the country. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 placed Southern countries under military rule.
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