The Homestead Act signed in 1862 opened the settlement in the western US, encouraging Americans including freed slaves, provided they never took up arms against the US government, could claim up to 160 acres of federal land under the basis that land had to be cultivated or use to build a house.
Answer:
" the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons. The justices agreed that the Commerce Clause gave Congress the power to regulate the operation of steamboats between New York and New Jersey."
quoted from an online source
By implying that blacks and whites are 'separate but equal'.
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