The 16th century saw the origins of the scientific revolution in Europe especially centred in the Rennaisance in Italy. Economically this was a response to the burgeoning trade in the Mediterranean between Italian ports and Middle Eastern and North African countries and under the tutelage of rich powerful families like the Medicis and also the transition from feudalism of the Middle Ages to the nascent capitalism in Europe. The geocentric theory of the earth was challenged by Galileo (Italian )and Copernicus (Polish) as a result of the intellectual foment brought in with capitalism. In mining, Georgius Agricola, who was trained as a physician began first-hand investigation of underground mines in the Erzgebirge Mts of Bohemia and wrote the treatise on this called De Re Metallica which was the authority on such mining/milling techniques for 200 years after. This was made possible by the personal investigation of the mines and discussion with the miners and mine managers which was a big break from the classical scholars who often merely speculated on things.
Enlightenment ideals propagated by the French were influential in causing the American Revolution, and the success of the Americans inspired the French Revolutionaries. ... While not recognized as a 'cause' of the French Revolution, it is clear that the U.S. move for Independence from Britain changed history.
Haitian rebellion was a revolt consisting of 10,000 slaves approximately against the tyrannical rule of France that lasted long 15 years, it concluded in 1789. It was significant and frightening to some because the Haitians defeated Napoleon Bonaparte's army and abolished slavery, becoming the only nation in the world established as a result of a slave revolt and the first Latin American country to successfully rebel against France rule.
France and other European powers feared that the black people's determination and success would serve as an example for others slaves and people under their dominion and tyrannical rule to rebel as well.
Islam continued to be the primary religion of the Middle East regions
