Male cones grow near the<u> lower region</u> of the plant, while female cones are located near the<u> top of the tree.</u>
Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms :
The lifecycle of a gymnosperm is also characterized by the alternation of generations, just as the lifecycle of an angiosperm. In conifers, such as pines, the sporophyte is the part of the plant that is green and leafy, and the gametophytes, in both male and female, are found in the cones. Female cones are distinguishable from male cones by their bigger size and their location closer to the crown of the tree. Male cones, on the other hand, are significantly smaller and can be found closer to the base of the tree. Because the pollen is dispersed and carried by the wind, it is impossible for a gymnosperm to self-pollinate due to the configuration of the plant.
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Answer:
Transcription occurs the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Motor coretex is essential for receiving information that you are moving your legs.
<h3>What is motor cortex?</h3>
- The motor cortex's main job is to provide signals that control how the body moves. It is anterior to the central sulcus and a portion of the frontal lobe.
- The primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area make up this region.
- The motor cortex generates signals that are particular to movements and sends them to the muscles via spinal cord circuits and motoneurons to regulate motor behavior.
- For the execution of movements to be precise, coordinated muscle activation patterns are required.
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Most likely, yes! He most likely has inherited features that are similar to his uncle which can be through genes.
Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
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