Answer:
The end of the Peloponnesian War did not bring the promised “…beginning of freedom for all of Greece.”[1] Instead, Sparta provoked a series of wars which rearranged the system of alliances which had helped them win the long war against Athens. A peace conference between Sparta and Thebes in 371 ended badly and the Spartans promptly marched upon Thebes with an army of nine thousand hoplites and one thousand cavalry. Opposing them were six thousand Theban and allied hoplites and one thousand cavalry.[2]
Over generations, the Thebans had been increasing the depth of their phalanx, generally given pride of place on the right wing of coalition armies, from the traditional eight men, to sixteen, then twenty-five and even thirty-five ranks. As the Spartan and Theban armies maneuvered toward the plain of Leuctra, the brilliant Theban general Epaminondas devised a new tactic which would use the deep phalanx to destroy the myth of Spartan superiority.
Over the generations, the citizens of Thebes had developed a reputation as tough, unyielding fighters. Epaminondas had witnessed the power of the deep Theban phalanx at previous battles, and increased the depth of the phalanx to fifty ranks, but only eighty files wide. But Epaminondas’ true innovation was to position the deep Theban column not on the right, where it would have clashed with the Spartan’s weaker allies, but on the left, where it would attack the main phalanx of the Spartan “Peers” led by King Cleombrotus, arranged only twelve ranks deep. In other words, Epaminondas was concentrating his fighting power at the critical point in the evenly-spaced, less concentrated Spartan phalanx. Finally, he arranged the Theban’s allies on his right would advance “in echelon”, each poleis’ phalanx staying slightly to the rear of that to its left, so that the allied right would protect the Theban’s flank, but not initially engage with the enemy (see Leuctra map – ‘Initial Situation’). When asked why he positioned the Theban phalanx opposite the Spartan king, Epaminondas stated he would “crush…the head of the serpent”.[3]
Answer:
They wanted all slaves to have civil rights, for the republican party to become a powerful institution in the south, and to prevent confedaracy leaders from returning to power after the war.
Edict of Nantes
It was issued in 1598, by king Henry IV Bourbon of France. It was the second document (after The January Edict of 1561) issued by a French sovereign to provide religious freedom in the country. It was a consequence of the long-lasting religious conflicts in France between Catholics and Huguenots (other name for Calvinists), situated mainly in Southern France. King Henry IV succeeded Henry III Valois and his infamous mother Catherine de Medici. Henry IV was one of the most prominent leaders of the Protestant opposition in France, but had to convert to Catholicism (for the second time in his life) in order to inherit the throne. The Edict of Nantes was one of the first things that he did as a king, and, basically, it allowed for the Protestants across the land to hold on to the cities that they had turned into their strongholds, while Catholics did the same, too. This was a compromise and angered many, Catholics because they could not get rid of the "heresy" among their lands, and Protestants because they could not succeed in reforming France once and for all.
(first four house steps: 1. referred to committee/subcommitte 2.hearings, studies 3. reported by committee 4. debate, vote.) (first four senate steps 1.referred to committee/subcomittee 2. hearings, studies 3. reported by committee 4. debate, vote.) (Final two steps 1.conference action 2. sent to white house (signed, vetoed)) These are all right. Taken from the real chart.
