An externality in business or economics is where an industrial activity has an unexpected side effect which does not figure in the cost of the goods and services involved. For example, I worked many years at a large mine. Just the existence of the mine there meant it was a no-hunting area so a side effect was that the moose used it as a refuge during hunting season which as a side effect was beneficial to the moose (and deer). Another example is that we used to crush mine rock for the haulroads for winter traction. As a result, it was found that the fines from this were concentrated with copper values so were put in the mill for processing-an unexpected outcome.
A sort of financial product sold to investors is a corporate bond, which is issued by a business. The investor receives a predetermined amount of interest payments at either a fixed or variable interest rate in exchange for providing the firm with the money it requires.
The bond "reaches maturity" when it stops making payments and the initial investment is refunded.
The ability of the corporation to repay the bond often serves as its security, and this ability is based on its expectations for future revenues and profitability. Physical assets of the corporation may occasionally be utilized as collateral.
A state, municipality, or county may issue municipal bonds as a debt security to pay for capital projects like building roads, bridges, or schools. They can be compared to loans given to local governments by investors.
Municipal bonds are particularly appealing to those in higher income tax brackets because they are frequently exempt from federal taxes and the majority of state and local taxes (for residents).
To learn more about Corporate Bond and Municipal Bonds here
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The physical property that may be able to provide a
beneficiary for metal pots as a source of good cooking is its heat conductivity
of which allow this material to be conducted to heat and allows the food to be
cooked thoroughly making it good for cooking.
That companies gain a competitive advantage by giving customers focus, cost leadership, and differentiation
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What is competitive advantage?</h3>
A firm seeks a competitive advantage when it aims to surpass its rivals in terms of profitability. An organization must be able to communicate to its chosen target market that it has a higher comparative or differential value than its rivals in order to establish and retain a competitive advantage. For instance, a business is likely to have a competitive advantage if it advertises a product at a lower price than a similar product from a rival. The same holds true if the marketed item is more expensive but has special characteristics that buyers are ready to pay for.
The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analytical technique is credited to Albert Humphrey at the Stanford Research Institute. Porter's Five Forces is an alternative model that helps businesses understand their position within a competitive landscape.
