The Avignon papacy refers to the period from 1309 to 1376. This period was marked by the successive popes taking residence at Avignon, France, rather than in Rome, primarily because of the turbulence in Rome caused by the conflict between his predecessor and king Philip of France. A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French and under the influence of the French crown.
This greatly affected the state of the papacy. The papacy felt it necessary to prove themselves politically and economically. To this end, it was required for the papacy to pull off political schemes. This also led them to start selling off their service of repenting. A vast reorganization and centralization of administrative offices and reform measures for the clergy were affected. The Sacred College of Cardinals began to gain a stronger role in the government.
After the re-establishment of the papal capital in Rome in 1377, cardinals of the Sacred College selected a second pope, who assumed the vacant Avignon seat. This denoted the onset of the Great Schism. The Schism did not heal until 1417 and a succession of such antipopes was selected.
The church was divided into two popes. The second one was of French cardinal origin. Pope Clement VII and Pope Urban VI were reorganized by French and England respectively. The church was united by utilizing two approaches. One was through the mutual cession of both the popes and the other was through the securing of the resignation of the other pope. Later, however, it was reunited by an agreement.
The council in Besel fixed the agreement with the Emperor and the Hittites.
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c . it allowed the indepented Soviet nations and satellite states to choose democracy over communism.
He wanted the president to be powerful enough to lead, while still not giving the feel of a dictatorship or monarchy
The ruling structure of ancient Japan was as follows:
1. The noble class
- The King or Emperor
- The Daimyo
- The Samurai
2. The common man or peasant class
- The farmers
- Artisans and craftsmen
3. The merchants
This structure in the Japanese society began in the seventh century BC, more specifically in 660 BC, with the first emperor of Japan, Jimmu.
The Discoverers and Explorers: 1. Natives showed Jedediah Smith the way. 2. William Sublette was the first cross it with a caravan. 3.Joel Walker and his family were the frist settlers to use it.
The Jumping Off Point: 1. Founded in 1827 near where the Missouri River flows into the Mississippi. 2. By the 1840's, it was the most popular "jumping off" point for pioneers to stock their wagons with supplies. 3. Missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints attempted to make Independence their Zion, or holy capital.
The Route West: 1. The first emigrants to Oregon came by ship before the Trail was established. 2. Ships continued to to travel to Oregon even after the overland migrations began, but they were not popular among the pioneers. 3. The fare for a sea journey to Oregon was quite expensive--few pioneer families could afford it.
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