Mutations are permanent changes in the genetic material due to alterations in DNA sequence. Mutations may be somatic or inherited (or germline).
Somatic mutations are those mutations that arise in somatic or normal body cells and cannot transfer from parents to their offspring. As skins cells and lung cells are somatic cells, option (A) and (D) represent somatic mutations.
Inherited mutations are those mutations that arise in sex cells (gamete forming cell) and transfer from parents to their offspring due to transfer as these cells form mutated gametes. As egg cells and sperms cells are sex cells, option (B) and (C) represent inherited mutations.
That would be Cushing's Syndrome, or Cushing's Disease. If the problem arises in the adrenal gland, then the disorder is primary adrenal insufficiency.
Some versions have more steps, while others may have only a few. However, they all begin with the identification of a problem or a question to be answered based on observations of the world around us.
