China was influenced by foreigners politically, socially, and economically during the Ming Dynasty. Missionaries come into China bringing both Christianity and technology. China struggled foreigners influence by kicking out the Mongols. Also, China began to detach itself and limited the foreigners’ trading posts.
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Imperialism is a political and military philosophy in which one country or government seeks to conquer other countries and societies and bring them under the control or influence of the invading country.
Imperialism is often associated with the economic theory of mercantilism, in which the conquering country (known as the metropole) becomes the center of manufacturing and production while the conquered countries (the colonies) become the suppliers of raw natural goods. Under a mercantilist system, the point of having colonies is to enrich the metropole.
Imperialism takes a number of forms. There's settler colonialism, where a metropole established colonies to gather raw goods or resources (New York and Jamestown are examples). There's religious imperialism, in which a country invades other countries for the purposes of spreading a religion (Spain was infamous for this) or establishes religious communities abroad (as in Massachusetts Bay).
Imperialism has also existed for ages and ages. The Romans are one famous example, but virtually every country in Western Europe (France, Britain, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, etc) had an empire at one point. But so did the Japanese, the Russians, the Zulus, and the Comanches.
An attitude of both liberalism and nationalism.
In Europe in 1830 and 1848 there were a number of revolution movements, trying to replace old conservative governments. The revolutions often had a liberal flavor -- wanting "liberty" and political rights, vesting power in parliaments rather than just in kings and aristocracies. There also were nationalist feelings that spurred some of the revolutionary movements. In places like the Italian peninsula and German territories, that meant creating a united Italy or Germany.
