Answer:
All the given statements are correct except b.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of drug or a chemical that would normally limit its growth or kill it.
It makes it difficult for the existing drugs to eliminate the infection as they become less effective against the microbe.
There are five major mechanisms by which a microbe attains resistance against antimicrobial chemical or drug:
- Drug modification or inactivation: A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. For example, few bacteria produce β-lactamases which provide multi-resistance against β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin etc.
- Alteration or modification of target site: An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. For example, alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP) in Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(MRSA).
- Alteration of metabolic pathway: The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. For example, sulfonamides-resistant bacteria started using preformed folic acid in place of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
- Decreased drug accumulation: Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent (before it could do any damage) by pumping it out of the cell.
- Decrease in cell permeability: The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased
Climate change due to the greenhouse effect.
Answer:
In order from top to bottom
C
A
E
D
B
Explanation:
1) Reflection is when a ray hits something reflective then bounces back. For example, light reflects off a mirror, which is why you can see yourself in a mirror.
2) Wavelength measures the size of a wave. It is measured from the crest or trough of one wave to the crest or trough of another.
3) Refraction occurs when waves go through different mediums at different speeds. This is why a straw looks bent when in water.
4) Frequency is a way of measuring the speed of a wave. It shows how many waves pass every unit of time.
5) Absorption means that all of the waves were absorbed into the medium and none of them passed through.
Answer:
We hope these tandem references will make the findings more accessible ... of unconventional gas and oil drilling and fracking.
Explanation: