<span>In liver, the most intensively studied transmembrane and intracellular signal transduction pathways are the Janus kinase signal transduction pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway, the transforming growth factor β signal transduction pathway, the tumor necrosis factor α signal transduction pathway and the recently discovered sphingolipid signal transduction pathway. All of them are activated by many different cytokines and growth factors. They regulate specific cell mechanisms such as hepatocytes proliferation, growth, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, and synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix. The replication cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is intracellular and requires signal </span>
<span>Invertebrates means having no backbone.</span>
worms get their energy through the biological process of cellular respiration where glucose from the food they eat is converted into ATP. This molecule is packed with potential energy, and is used by the cells within the worm to do work.
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A decreased pH coupled with a decreased plasma concentration of bicarbonate ion indicates that acidosis is occurring and the respiratory system will compensate for this change.
<span>Acidosis (metabolic) is a state when increased acidity in the blood occurs and it usually refers when arterial pH falls below 7.35. Metabolic acidosis may result from increased production of metabolic acids (lactic, for example) and is characterized by low pH, low blood HCO3, and normal or low PaCO2. Metabolic acidosis is compensated with an increased exhalation of CO2 to reduce metabolic acid.</span>
