Answer: The first intifada
This occurred in December 1987 when an Israeli vehicle struck two vans carrying Palestinian workers, killing four of them, an event that was perceived by Palestinians as an act of revenge for the death by stabbing of an Israeli in Gaza a few days earlier.
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Your 2nd and 3rd options are the correct answers. Monarchies were not quickly changed into democracies because it was much more complicated to change a government. You can't do that overnight.