The three major amendments that were passed shortly after the Civil War were the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, the 14th granted African American citizenship and equal protection before the law, and the 15th Amendment attempted to secure the right to vote for newly freed slaves.
Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress
Listening is most clearly related to communication
I think it would be conditioned stimulus but I'm probably wrong.