<em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, </em>decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954, extended civil liberties to all Americans in regard to access to education. Until that decision, it was legal to segregate schools according to race, so that black students could not attend the same schools as white students. An older Supreme Court decision, <em>Plessy v. Ferguson </em>(1896), had said that separate, segregated public facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities offered were equal in quality. In the case of <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, that standard was challenged and defeated. Segregation was shown to create inequality, and the Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation to be unconstitutional. After the <em>Brown v. Board of Education </em>decision, there was a struggle to get states to implement the new policy of desegregated schools, but eventually they were compelled to do so.
Freed slaves who wanted land available under the homestead act still faced the challenge of intense racism and segregation--meaning that they faced persecution and violence from whites who were in competition over the land. <span><span> </span></span>
Everything that happened in the bank war made Jackson's opponents mad which caused them to form a new party: "The Whigs" They then created the Second American Political Party System. The Whigs wanted social reform and a strong government, so now America is divided between Whigs and democrats.