C. enjoyed some access to opportunities to act as advisors
Answer:
Judicial review is the power of the courts to declare that acts of the other branches of government are unconstitutional, and thus unenforceable. For example if Congress were to pass a law banning newspapers from printing information about certain political matters, courts would have the authority to rule that this law violates the First Amendment, and is therefore unconstitutional. State courts also have the power to strike down their own state’s laws based on the state or federal constitutions.
Today, we take judicial review for granted. In fact, it is one of the main characteristics of government in the United States. On an almost daily basis, court decisions come down from around the country striking down state and federal rules as being unconstitutional. Some of the topics of these laws in recent times include same sex marriage bans, voter identification laws, gun restrictions, government surveillance programs and restrictions on abortion.
Other countries have also gotten in on the concept of judicial review. A Romanian court recently ruled that a law granting immunity to lawmakers and banning certain types of speech against public officials was unconstitutional. Greek courts have ruled that certain wage cuts for public employees are unconstitutional. The legal system of the European Union specifically gives the Court of Justice of the European Union the power of judicial review. The power of judicial review is also afforded to the courts of Canada, Japan, India and other countries. Clearly, the world trend is in favor of giving courts the power to review the acts of the other branches of government.
However, it was not always so. In fact, the idea that the courts have the power to strike down laws duly passed by the legislature is not much older than is the United States. In the civil law system, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create (or destroy) legal principles. In the (British) common law system, on which American law is based, judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal principles, and also capable of rejecting legal principles that are no longer valid. However, as Britain has no Constitution, the principle that a court could strike down a law as being unconstitutional was not relevant in Britain. Moreover, even to this day, Britain has an attachment to the idea of legislative supremacy. Therefore, judges in the United Kingdom do not have the power to strike down legislation.
Explanation:
nationalparalegal.edu /JudicialReview.aspx
Answer:
The Colonization of North America
European countries began to send more explorers to search for riches and claim territory for their respective countries. The quest for more territory quickly became a competition in North America. The map below illustrates the location of European settlements in North America around 1750. Using the map key, click on each country to locate where they colonized in North America.The English began to consider North America as a valuable source of raw materials as well as a marketplace for English goods.During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, colonization by the English rapidly increased, and soon the first permanent English colony was established at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Click on the link below to watch the video about life in JamestownPeople moved into the colonies in great numbers because of the opportunities that the American colonies held. Many people left England to seek religious freedom and avoid persecution by the Church of England.The people who moved into the American colonies were ethnically diverse, came from a variety of religions, and represented all social groups. By 1775, the English settlements expanded from one settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, to thirteen American colonies.Spanish Settlements Unlike Mexico and South America, Spain’s settlements to the north yielded little gold and silver. This fact, along with conflict with American Indians in the region, made it difficult to attract colonists. As a result, early Spanish settlements in Texas, New Mexico, and California were largely confined to religious missions focused on converting American Indians to Catholicism, a few small civilian towns, and military posts. It was not until 1749 that Spain established the first civilian town in Texas, a town that eventually became Laredo.Like England, Spain followed an economic philosophy known as mercantilism. Spain sought colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods. To protect its own manufacturers, Spain restricted colonial trade with other countries and limited colonial manufacturing. Colonies were governed by crown-appointed viceroys or governors. Unlike English colonists, Spanish colonists could not make any laws of their own. It is important to understand that attitudes toward class and race in Spanish territories differed from the attitudes in the English colonies. In the English colonies, there was less intermarriage between the English and the American Indians. The Spanish colonies were characterized by colonists of mixed racial backgrounds. Mestizos (people of mixed Indian and Spanish ancestry), American Indians, and Africans were concentrated at the lower levels of the social structure.
Explanation:
The great depression started because of a stock market crash. meaning economy will go down quickly. As companies started losing money they could not pay there employees enough. Employees then started quitting there jobs or low food supply made them hungry tired and weak. For the survivors that needed money had to get jobs though it was difficult because companies could not pay enough. People had to grow there own crops and get there own water to survive.
