<span>a. Lister’s work was only made possible by Pasteur’s discoveries.
Pasteur first theorized the cause of infection to be germs. Lister built on the "germ theory" and created the ideas of sterile surgery.
Both Pasteur and Lister are credited for revolutionizing surgery to become a sterile process. Without Pasteur's "germ theory", Lister would not have had a theory to work from. The two scientists also corresponded with one another improving the process for sterilization. </span>
Assuming you're referring to a political context, the Ancient Greeks practiced a system of "direct democracy," in which each eligible citizen voted directly on all issues facing the state. This is different than a representative democracy, as it exists in the United States.
Answer: Development as an excuse for imperialism.
Explanation:
Proponents of imperialism sought to justify their imperialist aspirations. Developed and powerful countries have always carried out imperialism over those who have not reached that development stage. Imperialism has always aimed to enrich itself at the expense of others. Yet to defend their aspirations, the imperialists have always pointed out that their main aim is to contribute to these underdeveloped countries' development. The construction of the infrastructure was a cover for that. Still, the real goal of constructing the infrastructure was to make it easier to transport exploited raw materials from third countries.
Answer:
1. International - 2. Political conflict - 3. The Enlightenment - 4. Social antagonisms - 5. Ineffective ruler - 6. Economic hardship
Explanation:
International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
- Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy
- The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
- Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
- Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
- Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
