Large chains of monomers form biological macromolecules which carry out many essential functions in the body these can include nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. These are organic molecules, meaning they're ringed or long-chain Carbons bonded to the elements oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).
Proteins are structural support molecules comprised of long chains of amino acids joined via peptide (CONH) bonds; these are 20 specific units that are arranged into several macromolecules. Amino acids are absorbed through digestion and are incorporated into the body’s cells to make up organs muscles signal molecules and an alternative energy source.<em>Basic makeup: C, H, O, N, S; polar C, O double bonds and N-H bonding</em>
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Similarly, the nucleic acids are comprised of smaller units called nucleotides and function as storage for the body’s genetic information. These monomers include ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They differ from other macromolecules since they don’t provide the body with energy. They exist solely to encode and protein synthesis. <em>Basic makeup: C, H, O, P; they contain phosphate group 5 carbon sugar does nitrogen bases which may contain single to double bond ring.</em>
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Carbohydrates function to supply energy and support molecules they consist of mainly sugars or starches in long chains and rings to form monosaccharide monomers. They include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides which describes the type of bonding and the degree of complexity of the polymers. <em>Basic makeup: C, H, O -with many polar OH groups</em>
Lipids function as energy storage and chemical messengers, these include fats, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds and steroids and waxes. However, lipids are comprised of fatty acids and glycerol; they do not contain a fixed set of monomers, and unlike the other biological macromolecules, they are not polymers. The arrangement of hydrophobic heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails can give these non-polar macromolecules hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.<em>Basic makeup: C, H, O; non polar- a triple condensation reaction produces the molecules from a triple hydroxyl (OH) alcohol bonded to three long-chain carboxylic acids.</em>
Thus a gluose molecule, comprising C, H, O contains all the elements needed to make Lipids
The axial filament is located between the cell membrane and the outer membrane.
Explanation:
Axial filaments are structures used for motility too. They wraped around the cell body and are found in spyrochetes. The origin of the flagella is in the periplasmic space, the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane they differ because other flagellum are near the cell surface, attached to the basal body enclosed in the cell envelope.
One way to tell is to use nutrient density. Nutrient-dense foods contain high levels of essential nutrients per calorie; foods low in nutrient density contain few nutrients per calorie.
