Answer:
d) Marc Antony was defeated in 31 BC after a period of civil war.
Explanation:
The Roman Republic was a period in the history of Rome characterized by the republican regime as a form of state, which extends from 509 a. C., when it ended the Roman Monarchy with the expulsion of the last king, Lucio Tarquinio el Soberbio, until 27 a. C., date in which the Roman Empire had its beginning.
The Roman Republic consolidated its power in central Italy during the fifth century BC. C. and in the centuries IV and III a. C. was imposed as the dominant power of the Italian peninsula by subjecting the other peoples of the region and confronting the southern Greek polis. In the second half of the third century a. C. projected his power outside Italy, which led to a series of clashes with the other great powers of the Mediterranean, in which he defeated Carthage and Macedonia, annexing their territories.
In the following years, being already the greatest power of the Mediterranean, its power expanded over the Greek polis; the kingdom of Pergamum was incorporated into the Republic and in the first century BC. C. conquered the coasts of the Near East, then held by the Seleucid Empire and the Cilician pirates. During the period that covers the end of the II century a. C. and the 1st century a. C., Rome underwent great political changes, provoked by a crisis consequence of a system accustomed to direct only to the Romans and not adapted to control a great empire. During this time competition for magistracies among the Roman aristocracy intensified, creating irreconcilable political fractures that would shake the Republic with three major civil wars; These wars would end up destroying the Republic, and culminate in a new stage in the history of Rome: the Roman Empire.
