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3. Because industrial factories required large workforces and workers and their families needed places to live near their jobs. Factories and cities attracted millions of immigrants looking for work and a better life in the United States.
4. A government in which a king/queen has all power that he/she inherited from a family member. By the Divine Right of Kings which states that God has selected the leaders as rulers of the land.
5. Like scientists, they placed their trust in reason and observation as the best sources of understanding and progress.
6. Montesquieu: His political theory work, particularly the idea of separation of powers, shaped the modern democratic government.
Voltaire: Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
Hobbes: Despite advocating the idea of absolutism of the sovereign, Hobbes developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be “representative” and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law that leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.
Ruosseau: Rousseau is well known for his idea of the social contract. He said, “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains.” Humans in a state of nature are good and free, but civil society puts “chains” around us. We give up freedom for society.
7. John Locke refuted the theory of the divine right of kings and argued that all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary
8. The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War (1754–63)
9. The French and Indian War altered the relationship between Britain and its American colonies because the war enabled Britain to be more “active” in colonial political and economic affairs by imposing regulations and levying taxes unfairly on the colonies.
10. Salutary neglect is the unofficial British policy of lenient or lax enforcement of parliamentary laws regarding the American colonies during the 1600s and 1700s.
11. 6 main reasons: 1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
or
Enlightenment ideas, Economic Troubles, Weak Leader, Meeting of the Estates General, National Assembly, and Tennis Court Oath.
12. The Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one body and for each delegate to have one vote.
13. The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power.
14. The storming of the Bastille on 14th July, 1789, is usually taken to be the day on which the French Revolution began.
15. vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written
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