C.1 because it is the only responsible answer
The middle passage was the transporting of slaves from Africa to America. Many slaves perished on this journey due to the conditions.
In this story, the author is making the point that humans and animals are far more similar in many ways than people tend to think, specifically when it comes to forming relationships.
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Cities couldn't thrive in the harsh winter of New England but villages could work together to protect each other against it.
