The right answer is "B. Japan was prolonging a terrible and bloody war that had an inevitable outcome."
Throughout the text it is notable that the US is showing that the terrible consequences that the Japan was going through was because Japan was extending the war.
This is quite clear in the passage. "also, because of their leaders' refusal to accept the declaration of surrender that would honorably honor Japan's end to this useless war, we used our atomic bomb."
It was a change of thinking from 1500 to 1700 when modern science came out as a new was of getting knowledge about the world. It was important because it started modern science.
