I think A but I'm not totally sure!! Good luck.
Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Three fundamental phases:
- Primary
- Secondary succession
- Climax state
Hope this helps :)
You are likely to see a connotation used in both advertisement and also some university lectures. If only one answer is permitted, B is the best answer.
A virus that infects and replicates itself within bacteria.
