Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins manufactured by the body that help fight against foreign substances called antigens. When an antigen enters the body, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. (The immune system is the body's natural defense system.) The antibodies attach, or bind, themselves to the antigen and inactivate it.<span>
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Answer:
For example, delays in mitosis are often ascribed to 'activation' of the mitotic checkpoint, a descriptor that fails to recognize that the checkpoint by definition is active as the cell starts mitosis. Conversely, the completion of mitosis in the presence of misaligned chromosomes is often automatically interpreted to indicate a defective checkpoint, even though in the absence of critical testing alternative interpretations are equally likely. In this article, we define the critical characteristics of checkpoints and illustrate how confusion generated by the inconsistent use of terminology may impede progress by fostering claims that mean very different things to different researchers. We will illustrate our points with examples from the checkpoint that controls progression through mitosis
Explanation:
Answer: Hypoxia
Explanation: hypoxia induces the production of erythropoietin, which is a hormome produced by the kidneys to help increase the productiom of red blood cells in the body. In Jessica's case, she might be experiencing this due to a change in ultitide whereby her body needs more oxygen than it originally gets (crllular hypoxis), therefore, her body signals for more red blood cell production. The erythropoietin will then be secreted and more red blood cells will be formed by the bone marrow through the hormonal action.
The carbon cycle describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. Carbon is released back into the atmosphere when organisms die, volcanoes erupt, fires blaze, fossil fuels are burned, and through a variety of other mechanisms.
