Answer:
The laws that favor one group and disregard others are known as controversial laws.
Explanation:
Controversial laws are legislation that expressly favors the rights of one group that may be defined based on gender, race, or age for example at the expense of other groups who are put at a disadvantage. Some would argue for example that gun owners in the United States are afforded more rights than those people who choose not to own guns because their right to live without fear of experiencing gun violence is affected by those who exercise their right to own a gun. Another example would be in the case of Rwanda before the genocide in 1994 when especially in colonial times there were laws that favored people of Tutsi identity over the hiring and access to opportunities for people of Hutu identity. The colonial government in Rwanda had issued identity cards that clearly put citizens into different ethnic camps and the Tutsi were favored in government positions and other privileges vis-a-vis the Hutu majority for many years. This created social tensions that lasted through the independence period in Rwanda and it is what led to the ethnic conflict at the root of the genocide.
Answer:
African Americans experienced stereotype threat.
Explanation:
In a series of experiments performed by Steele and Aronson in 1995, they had subjects from both African-American and white descent to a partake in a verbal test.
The verbal test was divided into two groups, with one described as being a valid measure of intelligence while the second was defined as not reliable in terms of measuring intelligence.
With this bias in mind, the African-Americans performed poorly in the former condition because they experienced stereotype threat which was as a result of decades of being told they were not smart enough or as intelligent as whites.