It was Austria, who owned provinces in Italy.
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In contrast, the clergy and the nobility controlled the majority of the land in France and held all of the important positions in the government, military and church. This is the period before the French Revolution and is a time known as the Ancient Regime.
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Answer:
Overall, the Protestant Reformation and the Counter/Catholic Reformation changed the face of society in Europe. Before the Reformation, Europe was united behind a single faith, with a strong Church for guidance. By the end, Europe is divided religiously, and strong monarchs fill the leadership void left as a result of a weakened Catholic Church.
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