2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is a weak acid that can diffuse across lipid membranes. When added to eukaryotic cells, DNP can enter th
e mitochondria and move protons between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix by binding protons on one side, diffusing across the inner mitochondrial matrix and releasing protons on the other side, i.e. move protons down their concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. a. How will DNP affect the proton gradient generated by ETC?
b. Will the addition of DNP inhibit the ETC, ATP synthase or both? Briefly explain your answer.
a. In the presence of 2,4 dinitrophenol, which is soluble through the lipid membranes, the H+ gets an another route to pass through the membrane. It hampers the proton gradient potential without any generation of ATP. The gradient that was being utilized for the generation of energy is now just lost in the form of heat.
b. With the reduction in the generation of energy, the cells get devoid of ATP, and drive the electron transport chain intensely so that the collapsing proton gradient gets re-established. However, it prevents the ATP synthase by providing a different path to the proton ions and thus diminishing the H+ concentration gradient.
The crepitus is a common sign of bone fracture and it's heard when the fractured surfaces of two broken bones rub together. Also If there is a severe jaw fracture, the patient might experience limited ability to move the jaw or be unable to move it at all.
A lava fountain is an example of the amount of heat stored in the Earth. Geysers, lava mountains and hot springs are all natural examples of geothermal energy.
<span>Kepler’s harmonic law is the
third law of the Planetary Motion. He discovered this after ten years that
there is a relation between the time of a planet’s orbit and its distance from
the sun. The harmonic law states that <u>the squares of the orbital periods of
the planets around the Sun are proportional to the cubes of the planet’s orbital
period</u>. <u> </u> </span>
