Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era<span> in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent </span>black<span> citizens from </span>registering to vote<span> and voting. These measures were enacted by former </span>Confederate<span> states at the turn of the 20th century, and by Oklahoma upon statehood</span><span> although </span>not<span> by the </span>border slave states<span>. Their actions defied the intent of the </span>Fifteenth Amendment<span> to the </span>United States Constitution<span>, </span>ratified<span> in 1870, which was intended to protect the </span>suffrage<span> of </span>freedmen<span> after the </span>American Civil War<span>.</span>
The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ('XIV Amendment') is one of the post-Civil War amendments, and includes, among others, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. It was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868.
The amendment provides a broad definition of national citizenship, which overrides the decision of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), who had excluded slaves and their descendants, from possessing constitutional rights. It requires states to provide equal protection before the law to all persons (not just citizens) within their jurisdictions. The importance of the Fourteenth Amendment was exemplified when it was interpreted to prohibit racial segregation in public schools in the Brown v. Case. Board of Education.
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D: Gold seekers came from all over the world and became permanent residents
