The Literary device is PATHOS. It is a method of persuasion and convincing the audience with an argument that appeal to the emotions and feelings. In this particular statement, the author attempts to persuade the audience to get involve into the recycling program actively by appealing to their emotions and feelings towards the environment.
The corrcet answer would be relational.
If the story would have been from Laurie's perspective, A. The audience would have been afraid of Laurie's mother because Laurie is so afraid of her, and C. The audience might have known that Laurie was misbehaving at school and making up the "Charles" character to mislead his mother.
It is clear that Laurie is afraid of his mother, he wouldn't have invented Charles to cover up for his misbehaving otherwise. This fear would have appear in the story, as well as the truth of his behaviour.
Catastrophy, emergency, dilemma, disaster, change.
