What are the structures and functions of different parts of a cell? For being so small, cells are surprisingly complex. It can be hard to keep track of their different parts, especially when considering the various types of cells. In this study guide, we will identify different parts of a cell, describe their structures and explain their functions.
What three components do all cells have in common? The cell is the building block of an organism, its smallest living unit. By definition, all cells have the following:
A cell membrane: As a barrier between the cell and its environment, the membrane provides structure, protection and control over the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: This refers to the contents of the cell membrane excepting the nucleus. One of its main components is cytosol, a jelly-like substance which acts as protection and support for the remaining contents.
DNA: Each cell contains genetic material. However, the way it is stored is one of the distinguishing factors between a eukaryote (a plant or animal cell for example) and a prokaryote (like a bacterium). These represent the two main types of cells. The former has a nucleus — for its DNA — as well as other organelles while the latter does not. Organelles are parts of a cell that have a specialised function and their own membranes. What are the different parts of the nucleus and their functions? The nucleus, as the location of a cell’s genetic material, functions as its control centre. The nuclear membrane (or envelope) is a double membrane that regulates the movement of materials to and from the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a large, oval structure that produces ribosomes, which are small particles made up of protein and RNA that synthesize (or make) proteins. They can either be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? Present in most eukaryotic cells, this organelle is a network of flattened sacs or tubules that is connected to the nuclear membrane. It transports various materials, such as proteins, and is also involved in their synthesis. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes while the smooth ER is not. The ER cooperates closely with the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes and together they form what is known as the GERL system.
What are the Golgi apparatus (or body or complex) and lysosomes? Present in most eukaryotic cells, the Golgi apparatus is an organelle composed of stacks of flattened sacks. It modifies, packages and transports proteins. Lysosomes are small, round organelles that contain enzymes to help break down and process unwanted materials. Simply put, they are like garbage collectors and are commonly found in animal cells but not plant ones.
What are some parts present in plant cells but not animal ones? There are several differences between animal and plant cells besides the question of lysosomes. For instance, plant cells have a cell wall but animal cells do not. This outer layer (typically made of cellulose for plant cells) helps support and protect the cell and acts as a filtering mechanism. Chloroplasts too are found in plant cells but not animal ones. These rounded organelles get their green colour from the chlorophyll they contain, which enables photosynthesis—when the energy of sunlight is used to make glucose for nourishment, a process which releases oxygen.
What are some organelles present in both plant and animal cells? Both plant and animal cells can have mitochondria. These are sphere- or rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. They are the powerhouse of the cell in that they break down nutrients, such as glucose, to provide energy. This process is called cellular respiration. Vacuoles are also found in both plant and animal cells. These organelles are basically fluid-filled storage compartments. They might hold nutrients or waste products for example. Plant cells have only a single, large vacuole—its largest organelle. In contrast, animal cells can have multiple ones and they are relatively smaller.
This guide covered basic cell parts, but there are many more to be found, in particular if one starts looking at cells with specialised functions.
<h2>Carbon is the chemical backbone of life on Earth. Carbon compounds regulate the Earth’s temperature, make up the food that sustains us, and provide energy that fuels our global economy.
</h2><h2 /><h2>The carbon cycle.
</h2><h2>Most of Earth’s carbon is stored in rocks and sediments. The rest is located in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms. These are the reservoirs through which carbon cycles.
</h2><h2 /><h2>NOAA technicians service a buoy in the Pacific Ocean designed to provide real-time data for ocean, weather and climate prediction.
</h2><h2>NOAA buoys measure carbon dioxide
</h2><h2>NOAA observing buoys validate findings from NASA’s new satellite for measuring carbon dioxide
</h2><h2>Listen to the podcast
</h2><h2>Carbon storage and exchange
</h2><h2>Carbon moves from one storage reservoir to another through a variety of mechanisms. For example, in the food chain, plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Animals that eat plants digest the sugar molecules to get energy for their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil, continuing the cycle.
</h2><h2 /><h2>The ocean plays a critical role in carbon storage, as it holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere. Two-way carbon exchange can occur quickly between the ocean’s surface waters and the atmosphere, but carbon may be stored for centuries at the deepest ocean depths.
</h2><h2 /><h2>Rocks like limestone and fossil fuels like coal and oil are storage reservoirs that contain carbon from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. When these organisms died, slow geologic processes trapped their carbon and transformed it into these natural resources. Processes such as erosion release this carbon back into the atmosphere very slowly, while volcanic activity can release it very quickly. Burning fossil fuels in cars or power plants is another way this carbon can be released into the atmospheric reservoir quickly.</h2>
Sickle cell trait is not a disease; it is an inherited red blood cell condition that can affect athletes at all levels. While sickle cell trait is not a barrier to playing competitive sports, athletes with sickle cell trait have experienced significant physical distress, including collapse and death during intense exercise. Heat, dehydration, inadequate acclimatization, altitude and asthma can increase the risk for medical complications in athletes with sickle cell trait Through awareness, education and proper physical conditioning under the supervision of a primary athletics health care provider, athletes with sickle cell trait may safely achieve outstanding athletic performance
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