Answer:
The author uses as evidence the fact that many immigrants were fleeing poverty in their countries of origin, which presented few job opportunities, unlike the USA.
Explanation:
"Immigration and Ellis Island" shows how, despite the fact that many immigrants in the USA were looking for a way to exercise their religions without suffering persecution, most of them were fleeing poverty and saw in the USA a way to improve their economic conditions. This is because their countries of origin, most of them located in eastern and southern Europe, presented few job opportunities, leaving many of them in a situation of misery. However, the USA had high industrialization and employment opportunities.
defiant: to be oppositional or to resist something
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The condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death. It is so hard because you make it hard. If you don't want it to be so hard, don't be so hard on others. If you ever need to talk to someone, i'm here. :)
Counter claim disagrees with with a position.
They go against someone's claim to prove that person wrong.