Answer:
Scientific progress became associated with optimistic ideas about the inevitability of progress and the attainments of a generalized happiness for all mankind.
C. He was born and raised in Massachusettes.
The primary difference in debate over expansion during these time periods was that the Civil War had come and gone--meaning in 1890 the debate was over whether new states would be slave or free, while in the 1890s it was about economic issues.