I don't think any societies are in the Golden Age right now because of so much debt going around in the world. If you really want to consider someone in a golden age they are the super powers China probably.
China is way ahead of all the countries in terms of technology, work force and are at a golden age somehow.
From 1900-2000 the United States was in a Golden Age because the country changed so much in that time and had developed high class technology.
Yes, it is generally true that industrial agriculture uses far more fossil fuels than sustainable agriculture, since fossil fuels such as coal and gas are "finite" resources that will eventually be depleted.
