Extended family often played a large role in colonial family life. In poorer families, it was not uncommon for grandparents, aunts or uncles to live in the household. Wealthier families often found themselves taking in children from less fortunate family members to help with their breeding and education.
The two main sources are Maps and Artifacts
One way is that medieval Europe had knights to protect people and followed the code of chivalry and medieval Japan had samurai
Harappan Civilization's writing has never been decoded. Harappan Civilization is a part of the Indus Valley Civilization. The languages of the Harappan Civilization belong to the Bronze Age and they are still today a mystery. This language is totally unattested to any source that is readable. This is one mystery that is yet to be solved.