The correct answer is E, as President James Monroe tried to promote during his term was nationalism, through expansionist policies and diplomatic limits to European countries.
The presidency of Monroe, the last veteran of the War of Independence to hold office, was later called the Era of good feelings, mainly due to the almost complete lack of political opposition to his government. The Federalist Party had disappeared, and the rift between the Democratic Party and the Whig had not yet happened. Virtually every politician belonged to the Democratic-Republican Party.
In 1818 the new president established a diplomatic agreement with London, under which both nations undertook to recognize in the 49th parallel the border line between Canada and the United States, also agreeing for the joint administration of the northwestern territory of Oregon. In the same period Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to start the war against the Indian Seminole tribe, set in Florida, during which the US troops occupied part of the region, then under Spanish control. Spain, involved in the process of American emancipation, was unable to defend their possession and in 1819 preferred to cede the territory in exchange for canceling the debts that Spanish citizens had with US merchants worth five million dollars.
In addition to this, Monroe had annexed the new state of Illinois to the Union on 3 December 1818, while on 14 December 1819 Alabama also became part of the United States.
An important event of his administration was the Missouri Compromise of 1820, originating from the request of the territory of Missouri, where slavery was practiced, to enter the Union, a proposal opposed by abolitionists and the Northern States, mostly non-slavers. The issue was momentarily resolved with this agreement, advocated by Henry Clay, an exponent of the West, according to whom Missouri was annexed to the Union, while slavery would be prohibited in the territories north of the 30th 36th parallel. At the same time, on March 15 of that year, the Free State of Maine was annexed, detached from Massachusetts, in order to balance the electoral weight between slave and free states in the federal Senate (Missouri became a State on August 15, 1821).
It was thanks to these successes that Monroe was re-elected in November 1820 as president: his second term coincided with a renewed foreign policy, thanks to the recognition of the independent South American republics in 1822 and the enunciation of the so-called Monroe Doctrine (largely written by his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams).
This doctrine was presented in his message to the Congress of December 2, 1823: in it Monroe proclaimed that the Americas should be free from future European colonization, just as they had to be free from European interference in the affairs of sovereign nations. He also declared the US intention to remain neutral in European wars and wars between the European powers and their colonies, but to consider any new colony or interference with independent nations in the Americas as a hostile act against the United States. This statement of international politics remained the cornerstone of US foreign policy until the First World War.
