The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments focused on giving past slaves rights, particularly voting rights.
Jim Crow laws and Black Codes were ways the Southern states responded to these Amendments, as they wanted to keep their way of life intact. Jim Crow laws were meant to segregate blacks and whites from each other. They essentially made it easier for the South to continue to treat African Americans harshly. The Black Codes were harsher and made it so black people could be arrested for basically no reason and they could not leave their jobs, even if they wanted to.
Poll taxes and literacy tests were more ways the South state responded. Poll taxes were put on voting polls, in order to stop African Americans from voting. Black people during this time had a hard time getting a job and were paid less, so many could not afford to pay for polling. Literacy tests were also very harsh on African Americans. Since many, did not and could not receive a proper education, they would fail the literacy tests and not be able to vote.
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The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution says that everyone in the United States has the right to practice his or her own religion, or no religion at all.
In an era when NASA is led by an African American man (Administrator Charles Bolden<span>) and a woman (Deputy Administrator </span>Dava Newman<span>), when </span>recent NASA Center Directors<span> come from a variety of backgrounds, it's easy to overlook the people who paved the way for the agency's current robust and diverse workforce and leadership. Those who speak of NASA's pioneers rarely mention the name Dorothy Vaughan, but as the head of the NACA's segregated West Area Computing Unit, Vaughan was both a respected mathematician and NASA's first African-American manager. I learn this from class and from a book I hope this helps
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