The law of supply and demand
The Electoral College's purpose is to choose the president of the United States, and try as best as it can to represent the people. But, this doesn't always work out well, and I believe that there were around 5 or 6 instances that the person winning the electoral vote (therefore the presidency) didn't win the popular vote. A recent occurrence of this was Donald Trump. These special electors were chosen by a larger group. They are from the District of Columbia and all 50 states.
A material medium because they can’t travel through a vacuum
I believe the answer is: No, this does not need to be reported because it was assessed by the researcher as unrelated to the research study.
uanticiapted problem refers to the unexpected event that happen to the subject which is caused by the subject's involvement with the study. (This usually covers all form of physical harm and psychological damage that occurs because of the method of study or the substance that given to them during the study)