Answer:
vaccination
Explanation:
Louis Pasteur had been working to find a vaccine that would cure cholera in chickens. His lab assistant gave an older, weaker strain of the disease to the birds. When these birds did not die Pasteur began to rethink his ideas a came up with our current method of administering vaccinations.
In 1871 two new major states of Europe had been formed—the German Empire and the kingdom of Italy. The new German Empire, under the hand of Otto von Bismarck<span>, was steered carefully, always with an eye upon France, for the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) had left France thirsting for revenge and for recovery of the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.</span>
Answer: Gulags were started to make money for the Russian goverment, and concentration camps were made to exterminate people.
Threats of war with France and England.