Question

Toll-like receptors

Answer 1

Answer:

E. all of the above

Explanation:

Toll-like receptors are found on the surface of immune cells such as dendritic cells and are activated upon recognition of pathogens. They are so called pattern recognition receptors as they are able to recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger a series of reactions within the immune cells including cytokines, defensins and other bacteriocidal molecules.