Answer:
1. 2588672 bits
2. 4308992 bits
3. The larger the data size of the cache, the larger the area of memory you will need to "search" making the access time and performance slower than the a cache with a smaller data size.
Explanation:
1. Number of bits in the first cache
Using the formula: (2^index bits) * (valid bits + tag bits + (data bits * 2^offset bits))
total bits = 2^15 (1+14+(32*2^1)) = 2588672 bits
2. Number of bits in the Cache with 16 word blocks
Using the formula: (2^index bits) * (valid bits + tag bits + (data bits * 2^offset bits))
total bits = 2^13(1 +13+(32*2^4)) = 4308992 bits
3. Caches are used to help achieve good performance with slow main memories. However, due to architectural limitations of cache, larger data size of cache are not as effective than the smaller data size. A larger cache will have a lower miss rate and a higher delay. The larger the data size of the cache, the larger the area of memory you will need to "search" making the access time and performance slower than the a cache with a smaller data size.
The operating system's memory protection routine intervenes and (usually) terminates the program if a program attempts to modify (or, sometimes, even to read) the contents of memory locations that do not belong to it.
Further Explanation
The memory protection routine is most commonly used in multi-programmed systems to prevent one process from affecting the availability of another. When a user opens up multiple processes, by default, they usually reside at the same time in the main memory. Sometimes, a program may attempt to access, modify, or read memory locations allocated to other processes. When this happens, the memory protection program jumps in. Keep in mind that the memory manager somehow works hand in hand with the memory protection routine. It protects the OS from being accessed by other processes and these processes from accessing one another. In addition, it helps save memory by allocating the same amount of memory to all running processes. The memory protection program, on the other hand, should be able to allow controlled sharing of memory among different processes and will usually terminate a program that tries to modify content of memory locations of that does not belong to it.
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For count digits, you could just convert it to a String and check the length
Sum digits, convert to string then seperate each character with charAt then convert it to numbers in the return statement.
Average digits you can convert it to a String and then convert them back after taking them apart.
Answer: A :is concerned with defending users’ freedom of use
C:makes source code available for editing
Explanation:
