Flooding because of dam failures, subsidence, etc. are secondary effects, whereas shaking of structures, liquefaction, etc. by faulting are direct damage.
<h3>What are secondary catastrophic effects?</h3>
Secondary effects are indirectly associated with the occurrence of a catastrophic event (in this case, a earthquake).
Moreover, direct damage makes reference to eventual immediate effects that such catastrophic events may have.
In conclusion, flooding because of dam failures, subsidence, etc. are secondary effects, whereas shaking of structures, liquefaction, etc. by faulting are direct damage.
Learn more about immediate catastrophic effects here:
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1 and 2 because its nature
