Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
agouti - aaBbCc
solid color - AaBBCC
agouti black - AAbbCc
albino - AaBbcc/Aabbcc/AABBcc
Explanation: All the phenotypes that contain cc will be albinos, so they won't present any pigment deposition. Agouti black depends on the A gene to be homozygous and the B to be recessive, so the phenotype AAbbC_ is the correspondent. If A is not homozygous and B isn't recessive, we have agouti color. If B is homozygous and A recessive, we have a solid color.
Answer:
The molecules of the substances must be touching.
Explanation:
Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules
Answer:
A. Mutualism
Explanation:
<u>Mutualism</u> The bristle worm living with the hermit crab.
