The catholic counter-reformation was the church's response to the events of the protestant reformation. Thousands of people flocked to new Protestantism, leaving the catholic church behind. The catholic church decided to try and reform the church from within. Hope this answer helps. (:
From what I can remember, states' rights was a large factor contributing to the Civil War. With Lincoln becoming president and representing the North, the Southern states seceded, leading to a war. The state governments of the South argued that since the Constitution and federal government was created by the states, the federal government had no right to stop states from seceding. President Lincoln and other northerners disagreed and wanted to preserve the Union by stopping states from seceding.
After the war, I believe the South still disagreed on a strong federal government. They wanted to rule the area by themselves.
Jen and li are central concepts in Confucian ethics and form the first two of what are commonly called the "Five Constant Virtues" of Confucianism. Jen: benevolence, humaneness towards others; the highest Confucian virtue . Li: includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc.
