Answer:
D Flow of protons across an electrochemical gradient
Explanation:
The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase uses the electrochemical proton gradient generated by photosynthesis to produce ATP, the energy currency of all cells. Protons conducted through the membrane-embedded Fo motor drive ATP synthesis in the F1 head by rotary catalysis.
In chloroplasts, photosynthetic electron transport generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane which then drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
The light-induced electron transfer in photosynthesis drives protons into the thylakoid lumen. The excess protons flow out of the lumen through ATP synthase to generate ATP in the stroma.
Majority of ATP is produced by OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION. The generation of ATP by oxidation phosphorylation differs from the way ATP is produced during glycolysis.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.
<u>ANSWER:</u>
"Reduced concentration of substrate" available can interfere with the "ability of an enzyme" to catalyse a reaction. The main use of enzymes is to increase "the rate of reactions".
<u>EXPLANATION:</u>
- There are several factors that have an impact on the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a reaction.
- These include temperature, pH levels, and the quantity of substrate as well as the reactant. When the "substrate concentration increases", the rate of the reaction also increases in the presence of an enzyme.
- On the other hand, when the "substrate concentration is low", the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction at a fast rate.
Answer:
Mutation
Explanation:
A mutation is a change in the sequence of genetic letters, called bases, within a molecule of DNA.
Answer:
The correct code assignment for this case is <em>33320, 33945</em>
Explanation:
A surgeon performs a heart transplant including a recipient cardiectomy. The surgeon also repairs a laceration to the aorta of the donor heart that occurred during harvesting and the code for this <em>33320, 33945. </em>The first code is indicated whenever a heart transplant is being conducted. The second code is indicated whenever a donor's heart needs to be repaired.
Answer:
c. 28
Explanation:
Plant A has a dipoid chromosome number of 12, so its gametes will have an haploid number of 6 chromosomes.
Plant B has a dipoid chromosome number of 16, so its gametes will have an haploid number of 8 chromosomes.
<h2><u>Plant A</u> <u>Plant B</u></h2><h2>2n = 12 2n = 16</h2><h2> n = 6 n = 8</h2><h2 />
The new species C arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. An allopolyploid usually originates from the breeding of two different species.
In this case, <u>a gamete from plant A combines with a gamete from plant B to form a hybrid with 14 chromosomes</u> (6 from A and 8 from B). These chromosomes are unpaired, so the hybrid is sterile.
In order to become a fertile diploid individual of species C, the most common mechanism is polyploidization, where the genome duplicates. <u>That way, the resulting plant C has a diploid number of 14 x 2 = 28 chromosomes</u>, of which 12 are A and 16 are B.
