Option A. Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the <u>medulla oblongata</u>
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What is medulla oblongata ?
- Medulla oblongata, also called medulla, the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem.
- The medulla oblongata is connected by the pons to the midbrain and is continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord, with which it merges at the opening (foramen magnum) at the base of the skull.
- The medulla oblongata plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration
- The medulla is divided into two main parts: the ventral medulla (the frontal portion) and the dorsal medulla (the rear portion; also known as the tegmentum).
- The ventral medulla contains a pair of triangular structures called pyramids, within which lie the pyramidal tracts.
- The pyramidal tracts are made up of the corticospinal tract (running from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord) and the corticobulbar tract (running from the motor cortex of the frontal lobe to the cranial nerves in the brainstem)
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Answer:
Vaccine for Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella should be delayed.
Explanation:
Generally IVIG usually inhibit the immune response, to the live pathogen used to induce response in the vaccine.Consequently, given another vaccine immediately may have adverse effect on the immune system of the child. Therefore a period of intervals should be set between administration of IVIG and other vaccines.
<u>Based on standard recommendation; this depends on the nature of vaccine the child needs.Thus if</u>
the child needs vaccine for Measles, Mumps, Rubella, the delay should be 10monts.
A peroid of 5-months is needed to wait if Varicella vaccine is needed.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
<u>Answer:</u>
The pathophysiology instructor will emphasize that the cells of the proximal tubule have a fine, villous structure that increases surface area, allowing for active transport processes to occur with fluids.
<u>Explanation:</u>
- The proximal tubule is a part of the nephron and it controls the "pH of the filtrate" by exchanging "hydrogen ions for bicarbonates".
- It also secretes organic acids like creatinine and bases to be mixed with the filtrate, so that it is neutralized.
- Thus it helps in the transportation of the filtrate and is also responsible for absorption and re-absorption of the fluids.
The statement above is FALSE.
The most commonly used asexual reproduction method that is used in plants propagation is STEM CUTTING. In using stem cutting, the stem of the plant concerned is inserted into the soil, where it will grow and thrive as a new plant. A number of plants, such as banana are normally propagated via stem cuttings.
