It’s a political theory in chinese history. according to the theory each dynasty in chinese history rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak. then because of moral corruption, declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and falls, only to be replaced by a new dynasty
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The two groups are the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims. Their beliefs differed because one group believed that Muhammad's successor should be someone from his family, while the other group believed that his successor should be chosen by the people.
The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was an increased import tariff in the United States, adopted on March 2, 1861, during the administration of President James Buchanan. The Morrill Tariff raised rates to encourage industry and to foster high wages for industrial workers.