1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
nataly862011 [7]
3 years ago
7

HELP!! DUE TODAY

Biology
1 answer:
goldenfox [79]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

In the past decade, genetic testing aimed at identifying ancestry has experienced exponential growth, with nearly 26 million tests sold since 2018 (6). Companies – such as 23andMe – offer kits to trace your genetic legacy and geographical origins using Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and whole-genome markers (1). Genetic ancestry testing holds the potential to identify the geographic origins of an individual’s ancestors, ancestral lineages, and relatives, but does not define a deterministic cultural identity.

DNA located in the mitochondrion, mtDNA, is inherited maternally in both sexes and can thus provide evidence of an direct, unbroken female lineage (10). The mtDNA typically passes unchanged from mother to offspring, except in the rare case of a mutation. By comparing full mtDNA sequence or assaying for particular haplogroups, it is possible to establish both close ancestry and rough global origins, respectively (4). Regardless, two individuals, even with an exact mtDNA match, may have had an ancestor as far back as ten or sixteen generations (9). Consumers should thus be warned against over-interpreting mtDNA results since they unravel a single thread in an individual’s genetic ancestry. A distinct benefit of mtDNA tests is the ability to distinguish maternal lineage in recorded genealogical data in which females adopt the male surname (10).

Contrary to mtDNA, Y-chromosome DNA is inherited paternally, passed down from father to son. Ancestry tests analyze locations along the Y chromosome, cataloging mutations known as single nucleotide polymorphisms and repeating patterns known as short tandem repeats (8). Test results can determine if two male members of separate families with the same surname have a close genetic relationship (10). In addition, a multitude of haplogroups, representing branching in the Y-chromosome tree, can be used to examine the presence of a common ancestor thousands of years back, contributing another thread to the central question of genetic ancestry (8,7).

A more comprehensive basis of determining ancestry relies on the presence of millions of autosomal variants, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs), across the genome (10,3,7). An individual’s unique pattern of SNVs is compared with various reference populations and other consumers in order to infer their ancestry (10). Companies such as 23andMe provide a readout of broad ancestry and specific subgroups. Ancestral populations such as European and Western Asian are often further broken down into subpopulations (e.g. British, Greek, Iran). The accuracy of more specific statistical inferences is often variable, with companies examining different SNVs reporting inconsistencies in percentages for the same individual (3). In addition, since many reference populations do not account for migration and interbreeding thousands of years back, an ethnicity estimate with a high degree of confidence could still differ drastically from an individual’s expectations (10). Statistical inferences have diminished accuracy in regions such as East Africa and South Asia with comparatively limited data relative to well studied European populations, leading to further possible inconsistencies (7).

While the commercialization of genetic-ancestry tests has resulted in improved accuracy and innovation, the hyper-aggressive marketing of such products risks misinforming consumers, particularly in regards to cultural heritage. Consider, for example, an advertisement by the company Ancestry where a woman finds “[her] strength” after realizing she shares maternal lineage to a matriarchal people in Ghana (11). The pervasive marketing has even infiltrated music: In 2018, Spotify and Ancestry partnered to suggest playlists and artists based on test results, blatantly equating DNA and cultural heritage (2). While such marketing efforts are externally harmless, they carry a hidden message that DNA plays a meaningful role in our cultural identity. Most consumers are ill-informed in the field of genomic science, and may assume that their test results are deterministic and connote a contribution to heritage.

Genetic-ancestry tests may also perpetuate the idea of innate racial differences and entangle race with culture. A randomized trial reported that White Americans with lower genetic literacy had increased essentialist views after receiving test results (6). Those of Hispanic heritage share cultural aspects such as language, but may differ in genetic test results due to post-colonial admixture of Native, European, and African populations (5). Does a test result of 90% European heritage indicate “more” Hispanic heritage than 80% African? Such conclusions are entirely inaccurate and dangerous, but plausible given the genetic literacy of the typical consumer.

Explanation:

You might be interested in
True or False. A hypothesis that is firmly supported by investigative research and scientific study is proven.
morpeh [17]
The answer to this is true
4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
In what two ways could a desert be found at 30°N?
ryzh [129]
All the deserts are found at 30<span>°N because


</span><span>Hot air from the equator rises, then cools, moisture is lost, and the dry air comes down at 30 degrees north and south</span>
5 0
3 years ago
Gives rise to the gastrodermis, tissues that lines the gut.
maw [93]

Answer:

Endoderm

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
A pedigree is shown above that tracks a trait through four generations in a family. Based on the inheritance patterns of this tr
Katarina [22]

Answer:

The answer above is only one of the answers. The answers are A, C, and E! I did the USATestPrep and those were the answers. Mark as brainliest plz!

Explanation:

8 0
2 years ago
A neuroscientist cuts a brain in half, along the division between the hemispheres. this cut is referred to as a _____________ cu
saw5 [17]

Answer;

-Midsagittal cut

A neuroscientist cuts a brain in half, along the division between the hemispheres. this cut is referred to as a midsagittal cut.

Explanation;

The midsagittal plane divides the human body into equal left and right halves. It is used to describe the sagittal plane as it bisects the body vertically through the midline marked by the navel, dividing the body exactly in left and right side.

-If divided along this plane, the deepest structures of the human body will be visible. Starting with the most superior portion of the body, visible would be the brain. Cutting along the midsagittal plane, the structures of the brain would be exposed including the pineal body, the corpus callosum, thalamus, midbarin, pons, medulla oblangata, hypothalamus, and the arbor vitae of the cerebellum.

4 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • What is the subunit of proteins
    11·1 answer
  • Name some places were mold grows
    7·1 answer
  • Any names of animals that start in letter "N"? any names of animals that start in letter "N"
    10·1 answer
  • The male reproductive system is most closely associated with
    11·1 answer
  • ateo goes to his doctor after experiencing discomfort for a few days. Following tests and an examination, the doctor tells Mateo
    15·2 answers
  • Que es el nivel celular
    15·2 answers
  • The main difference between the gravitational force and electrical force is that
    11·1 answer
  • What is the probability of giving birth to a blood group AB child by the following parents
    11·1 answer
  • When a product fails to perform as warranted, this is called a) contractual liability. O b) product malfunction. c) malicious ma
    5·1 answer
  • Some people worry that the increasing number of cell phones will cause cancer because of the energy of the radio waves they emit
    8·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!