The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and nonslave holding whites, were transformed after the Civil War. Planters found it hard to adjust to the end of slavery. ... Out of the conflicts on the plantations, new systems of labor slowly emerged to take the place of slavery.
I'm assuming because this is under the history thread, it's dealing with the U.S. Senate. There are two main political parties in the U.S. which are Democratic and Republican- but there is also an Independent party, just not as big. Representatives are people who represent a certain party in, I believe, the Senate. So when it says "proportional", it's most likely referring to the fact there is an equal amount of representatives who are under the two big parties- the Democratic or Republican.
The reason why the English and the French created restrictive trading laws was because they wanted to protect the integrity of the products that were being shipped to and from their colonies. I hope this helped.
Answer:
It was Theodore Roosevelt
Explanation:
The president during the construction of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt
