As a result of lava that has cooled
Edmund Spenser was an English poet best known for the Faerie Queen
"b. an efficient and professional civil service administered the empire" was not a strength which enabled the Byzantine Empire to last for over 1,000 years since no service existed.
Methods of resistance: Enslaved Africans resisted slavery in both covert and overt ways. Examples of covert forms of resistance include work slow-downs and breaking tools. Examples of overt forms of resistance include running away or organizing rebellions.