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Long fusions extending from the thoracic spine to the pelvis in adults are increasingly common.
Average age for someone undergoing a spinal fusion was 54.2 years – 53.3 years for primary cervical fusions, 42.7 years for primary thoracic fusions, and 56.3 years for primary lumbar fusions. 45.5% of all spinal fusions were on men.
Even people requiring bigger surgeries like spinal fusion are 90% likely to return to work and stay at work long term. While most people recover from back pain through exercise and healthy lifestyles, those who require surgery can expect to return to work and "get their life back" too.
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The answer is D. Permafrost because it is a non living (abiotic) factor.