The ruler who promoted religious diversity in the Ottoman Empire was
Akbar. Akbar encouraged people from all backgrounds and faiths to be
part of his rule, encouraging everyone to join his army and therefore
built a strong force in the process. Although he himself was Muslim, he
married a Hindu princess.
Independent states unified under a weak central government would generally be part of a "confederate government," but of course the specific weakness of the central government can vary greatly.
The Catholic Church strongly opposed the spreading of the heliocentric theory because it meant that the holy book of Christianity, the Bible, was wrong, and that what they were propagating for centuries that the Earth was the center of the universe and that everything circles around our planet was a lie. This was going to make a big damage on the credibility of the church and the skepticism towards it would have grown more and more. The church, considering it had the power, was using all measures possible to stop this, so lots of scientists found themselves imprisoned, hanged, burned alive, killed brutally...
Kublai Khan is known and revered for his civilian and
administrative, not his military achievements. Grandson of Genghis Khan,
Kublai sought to govern rather than to exploit and devastate the vast
domains bequeathed to him by two generations of Mongol conquests. He
made the transition from a nomadic conqueror from the steppes to
effective ruler of a sedentary society. Ironically, however, his reign
witnessed the Mongols’ most remarkable military success, the subjugation
of the Southern Sung dynasty of China, and simultaneously their
greatest military fiascos, the failed naval expeditions against Japan
and Java.
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They brought horses. It was easier for them to catch up with the buffalo and hunt instead of having to throw weapons from a far and run after the Buffalo.
